Python shutil模块 - 高级文件操作与目录管理

import shutil

import shutil

# copy() - 复制文件内容，目标可以是目录
shutil.copy('source.txt', 'destination.txt')
shutil.copy('source.txt', '/path/to/directory/')

# copy2() - 复制文件并保留元数据（推荐）
shutil.copy2('source.txt', 'destination.txt')

# copyfile() - 仅复制内容，目标必须是完整路径
shutil.copyfile('source.txt', 'destination.txt')

# copyfileobj() - 从文件对象复制到文件对象
with open('source.txt', 'rb') as fsrc:
    with open('destination.txt', 'wb') as fdst:
        shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)

import shutil

# 复制整个目录树（目标目录不能存在）
shutil.copytree('source_dir', 'destination_dir')

# 忽略特定文件或目录
shutil.copytree('source_dir', 'destination_dir', 
                ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', '__pycache__'))

# 自定义忽略函数
def ignore_pycache_and_tests(dir, files):
    return [f for f in files if f.endswith('.pyc') or f == 'tests']

shutil.copytree('source_dir', 'destination_dir', 
                ignore=ignore_pycache_and_tests)

# dirs_exist_ok=True 允许目标目录已存在（Python 3.8+）
shutil.copytree('source_dir', 'destination_dir', dirs_exist_ok=True)

import shutil

# 移动文件
shutil.move('old_location.txt', 'new_location.txt')

# 移动到目录
shutil.move('file.txt', '/path/to/directory/')

# 移动并重命名
shutil.move('old_name.txt', '/path/to/new_name.txt')

# 移动整个目录
shutil.move('source_dir', 'destination_dir')

import shutil

# 删除整个目录树
shutil.rmtree('directory_to_delete')

# 忽略删除错误
shutil.rmtree('directory_to_delete', ignore_errors=True)

# 自定义错误处理
def error_handler(func, path, exc_info):
    print(f'删除 {path} 时出错: {exc_info}')

shutil.rmtree('directory_to_delete', onerror=error_handler)

import shutil

# 创建zip归档
shutil.make_archive('backup', 'zip', '/path/to/source_dir')

# 创建tar.gz归档
shutil.make_archive('backup', 'gztar', '/path/to/source_dir')

# 创建带前缀的归档
shutil.make_archive('my_project_v1', 'zip', 
                    root_dir='/path/to/project',
                    base_dir='.')

# 解压归档文件
shutil.unpack_archive('backup.zip', '/path/to/extract_dir')
shutil.unpack_archive('backup.tar.gz', '/path/to/extract_dir')

import shutil
import os
from datetime import datetime

def backup_directory(source_dir, backup_dir):
    """备份目录并创建带时间戳的zip归档"""
    # 确保备份目录存在
    os.makedirs(backup_dir, exist_ok=True)
    
    # 生成带时间戳的文件名
    timestamp = datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')
    archive_name = os.path.join(backup_dir, f'backup_{timestamp}')
    
    # 创建zip归档
    archive_path = shutil.make_archive(archive_name, 'zip', source_dir)
    
    print(f'备份完成: {archive_path}')
    return archive_path

# backup_directory('./my_project', './backups')

import shutil
import os

def sync_directories(source, destination):
    """将源目录的内容同步到目标目录"""
    os.makedirs(destination, exist_ok=True)
    
    for item in os.listdir(source):
        src_path = os.path.join(source, item)
        dst_path = os.path.join(destination, item)
        
        if os.path.isfile(src_path):
            # 如果目标文件不存在或源文件更新，则复制
            if not os.path.exists(dst_path) or \
               os.path.getmtime(src_path) > os.path.getmtime(dst_path):
                shutil.copy2(src_path, dst_path)
                print(f'已更新: {item}')
        elif os.path.isdir(src_path):
            # 递归同步子目录
            sync_directories(src_path, dst_path)

# sync_directories('./source', './destination')

import shutil
import os

def clean_temp_directory(temp_dir, max_age_days=7):
    """清理超过指定天数的临时文件"""
    import time
    
    current_time = time.time()
    max_age_seconds = max_age_days * 24 * 60 * 60
    
    for item in os.listdir(temp_dir):
        item_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, item)
        
        try:
            # 获取文件修改时间
            file_age = current_time - os.path.getmtime(item_path)
            
            if file_age > max_age_seconds:
                if os.path.isfile(item_path):
                    os.remove(item_path)
                    print(f'已删除文件: {item}')
                elif os.path.isdir(item_path):
                    shutil.rmtree(item_path)
                    print(f'已删除目录: {item}')
        except Exception as e:
            print(f'处理 {item} 时出错: {e}')

# clean_temp_directory('./temp', max_age_days=7)

import shutil
import os

def move_files_by_extension(source_dir, dest_dir, extension):
    """根据扩展名批量移动文件"""
    os.makedirs(dest_dir, exist_ok=True)
    
    moved_count = 0
    for filename in os.listdir(source_dir):
        if filename.endswith(extension):
            src = os.path.join(source_dir, filename)
            dst = os.path.join(dest_dir, filename)
            
            shutil.move(src, dst)
            moved_count += 1
            print(f'已移动: {filename}')
    
    print(f'共移动了 {moved_count} 个文件')

# move_files_by_extension('./downloads', './images', '.jpg')
# move_files_by_extension('./downloads', './documents', '.pdf')

import shutil

def display_disk_usage(path='/'):
    """显示指定路径的磁盘使用情况"""
    usage = shutil.disk_usage(path)
    
    # 转换为GB
    total_gb = usage.total / (1024 ** 3)
    used_gb = usage.used / (1024 ** 3)
    free_gb = usage.free / (1024 ** 3)
    percent_used = (usage.used / usage.total) * 100
    
    print(f'路径: {path}')
    print(f'总容量: {total_gb:.2f} GB')
    print(f'已使用: {used_gb:.2f} GB ({percent_used:.1f}%)')
    print(f'可用空间: {free_gb:.2f} GB')

# display_disk_usage('C:/')  # Windows
# display_disk_usage('/')    # Linux/macOS

import shutil
import os

def copy_with_progress(src, dst):
    """带进度提示的文件复制"""
    file_size = os.path.getsize(src)
    
    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
            copied = 0
            while True:
                # 每次读取1MB
                chunk = fsrc.read(1024 * 1024)
                if not chunk:
                    break
                fdst.write(chunk)
                copied += len(chunk)
                
                # 显示进度
                progress = (copied / file_size) * 100
                print(f'\r进度: {progress:.1f}%', end='')
    
    print('\n复制完成!')

# copy_with_progress('large_file.zip', 'backup/large_file.zip')